Mahmoud Safari; Nikrooz Bagheri; Aziz sheikhi garjan
Abstract
Tomato fruitworm (Heliotis) is the most destructive pests of the crops of Solanaceae family. In favorable environmental conditions, Heliotis spread quickly. In recent years, drone prayers have been used to control pests but the performance of these sprayers has not been evaluated in tomato fields yet. ...
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Tomato fruitworm (Heliotis) is the most destructive pests of the crops of Solanaceae family. In favorable environmental conditions, Heliotis spread quickly. In recent years, drone prayers have been used to control pests but the performance of these sprayers has not been evaluated in tomato fields yet. This research was carried out in a tomato field infected by the the Heliotis pest and the drone sprayer performance was compared with the performance of tractor lancer sprayer and back knapsack sprayer (atomizer) in the form of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and in three replications. The results showed that in tractor lancer, atomizer and drone sprayers the solution consumption was 1200, 211 and 32 liters per hectare, drift was 45.6, 13.06, 20.68 percent and field efficiency was 60.66, 69 and 90.2 percent respectively. In 14 days after spraying, the effectiveness was calculated 59.75%, 40.06% and 41.75% in drone method, atomizer and lancer methods respectively. In terms of effectiveness coefficient, the spraying with the drone was found better than that with atomizer and lancer methods on the 4th and 8th days after spraying. The spraying quality coefficient in atomizer and drone sprayer was 2.92 and 1.22, respectively. Economically, profit to cost ratio was calculated 4.15, 4.88 and 2.33 in lancer, atomizer and drone method respectively. Finally, according to the results, the use of drone sprayer to control tomato pests is recommended technically but in terms of economical aspects more studies should be done.
Mahmoud Safari; Nikrooz Bagheri; Aziz sheikhi garjan; Saeed zarifneshat
Abstract
Tomato moth is one of the most destructive pests in tomato farms. One of the methods to control this pest is the chemical spraying using different sprayers. In recent years, spraying drones have also been used for chemical control of pests, but the performance of these sprayers in tomato farms has not ...
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Tomato moth is one of the most destructive pests in tomato farms. One of the methods to control this pest is the chemical spraying using different sprayers. In recent years, spraying drones have also been used for chemical control of pests, but the performance of these sprayers in tomato farms has not been evaluated yet. In this research, three different spraying methods were evaluated in controling the Tota pest in a tomato farm in Safadasht Karaj region in a completely randomized design (RCD) and in three replications. Experimental treatments included: 1- spraying with the tractor lancer sprayer, 2- spraying with a back knapsack sprayer (atomizer), and 3- spraying with Sprayer drone. The results obtained with Duncan's multi-range test at the level of significant of 1% showed that the consumption of solution of pesticide was 373.3, 207.1 and 8.4 liters per hectare, the rate of drift was 46.5%, 32.6% and 9.9%, the effective capacity of farm was 0.5, 0.4 and 4.9 hectares per hour, and the farm efficiency was 44.6%, 35.7% and 68.0% in tractor lancer sprayer, knapsck sprayer and sprayer drone, respectively. In terms of effectiveness, based on the number of tunnels made by larvae on fruits and the number of live larvae found after 3, 7 and 10 days of spraying, it has been found that the tractor lancer sprayer had the highest effectiveness with 82% in 10 days after spraying. The spraying quality coefficient in knapsack sprayer and drone sprayer was 2.92 and 1.22, respectively. From the economical point of view, the benefit - cost ratio was 1.93, 1.88 and 4.80, in tractor lancer sprayer, knapsck sprayer and sprayer drone respectively. which shows that the sprayer drone works better than the other two sprayers. Based on technical and economical results, our recommendation is to use sprayer drone to control the Tota pest, despite its lower effectiveness.
Saeed zarifneshat; Mohammad Hossein Saeidirad; Mahmoud Safari; Hanif Reza Motame AlShariati; Mojtaba Naseri
Abstract
In this study, the performance of the drone sprayer and conventional sprayers was evaluated for weed control in wheat fields. This project was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design with three replications. The studied parameters were: effective spraying width, spraying time per hectare ...
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In this study, the performance of the drone sprayer and conventional sprayers was evaluated for weed control in wheat fields. This project was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design with three replications. The studied parameters were: effective spraying width, spraying time per hectare and consequently the field capacity and field efficiency of sprayers, amount of herbicide solution per hectare, volume and number median Diameter of herbicide particles, spraying quality coefficient, drift, energy consumption, crushing rate of Wheat, sprayers effectiveness and economic evaluation. The results of analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the experimental treatments at 5% probability level. The results showed that the drone sprayer, boom sprayer and the turboliner sprayer had 11.14, 351.59, 249.14 liters solution per hectare, 16.76, 7.66 and 38.6% rate of drift, and 6.72, 5.92 and 7.66 hectar per hour field capacity, and energy consumption of 418, 2837.8 and 4796.2 kJ respectively. E was 72.6, 5.92 and 7.66 hectares per hour and energy consumption was 418, 2837.8 and 4796.2 Kjoules per hectar. Spray quality coefficient in drone sprayer and turboliner sprayer were 1.78 and 4.24, respectively. In 30 days after spraying, no significant difference was observed between treatments in terms of operation effectiveness. The cost per hectare of using drone sprayer was twice as much as conventional sprayers.
Abstract
One way to recycle crop residue and animal manure is the production of biogas by anaerobic digestion. The present study evaluated and compared the extraction of biogas from residual canola straw,cattle manure and rumen contents. Reactors, mixers, and a hot water bath were designed and manufactured to ...
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One way to recycle crop residue and animal manure is the production of biogas by anaerobic digestion. The present study evaluated and compared the extraction of biogas from residual canola straw,cattle manure and rumen contents. Reactors, mixers, and a hot water bath were designed and manufactured to compare the extraction of biogas from these resources. Substrates were cast into the reactors after mechanical and thermal pretreatment to determine the percentage of carbon to nitrogen and the total and volatile solids. The treatments included: (1) residue of canola straw + manure + rumen contents, (2) manure, and (3) rumen contents. The treatments were compared in a completely randomized design with three replications in one-liter reactors. The results showed that the experimental treatment factors of biogas production, percentage of methane, accumulated methane, and decrease in total solids showed significant differences. Treatment (1) fell into group A with 504.1 l/kg VS of biogas produced and accumulated methane of 277.9 l/kg VS. Treatment (2) fell into group B with 178.6 l/kg VS of biogas produced and accumulated methane of 116.5 l/kg VS. Treatment 3 fell into group C with 14.8 l/kg VS of biogas produced and accumulated methane of 4 l/kg VS. The percentage of methane in groups A and B was 55% and 60%, respectively. The percentage of decrease in total solids in treatments (1) and (2) was 59% and 46%, respectively. There were no significant differences between groups B and C for ratio of carbon to nitrogen. The results indicate that fresh cattle manure + rumen contents in combination with canola residue produced the highest accumulated methane and use of this combination is recommended.
